The Alabama Joint Prison Reform Task Force Essay - 1562 Words

1. What have you done to reduce racial discrimination in the criminal justice systems? Governor Bentley is committed to removing racist language that addresses the separation of black and white children in the education system in Alabama’s 1901 Constitution. Bentley believes it would improve the general impression of Alabama as a whole (Reutter). In the article, â€Å"Governor s Office of Minority Affairs Announcement,† Governor Bentley has recently signed an Executive Order to create the Governor’s Office of Minority Affairs. The team behind this will notify the Governor of any issues involving minorities, including women and children, â€Å"in education, health, economics, political participation and empowerment, housing, employment, civil rights, criminal justice, and race relations† (Governor’s Office of Minority). 2. How have you implemented the recommendations of the Alabama Joint Prison Reform Task Force? The implementation of the Prison Reform Bill Act No. 2015-185, that was passed in early 2015, was established to help prevent overcrowding in prisons and improve the overall well being of the facilities used for convicted people as well as the staff. This also was intended to imprison less nonviolent offenders and help reduce the amount of criminal behavior they can potentially be engaged in after their conviction (Funderburk). Criminal Justice Oversight and Implementation Council, established in 2014, is imperative to reform the criminal justice system in Alabama. TheShow MoreRelatedAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 PagesPROBLEMS OF URBAN BLACKS Poverty rate for blacks – 31% compared with 11% for whites. Two-thirds of all black children are born to unmarried mothers. 1980 Leading cause of death among young black men is murder. Blacks account for half of the male prison population, while they are only 6% of all Americans. 2. 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Ben Hur A Classical World Film That Represents The...

Introduction to Essay The movie, Ben-Hur is a classical world film that represents the ancient Roman civilization. The film was directed by William Wyler as an epic historical drama movie in 1959. The main cast features Charlton Heston who plays the role of Judah Ben-Hur, Stephen Boyd as Messala, Jack Hawkins as Quintus Arrius, Haya Harareet as Esther and Hugh Griffith as Sheik Ilderim (Wallace 5). The plot idea pegs back to the beginning of the 1st century where a merchant and a rich Jewish prince, Judah Ben-Hur lives in Jerusalem. His old childhood friend, Messala arrives with the Governor as the Roman Legions serving commander Officer. The old friends are happy and enthusiastic to meet after a long time. However, their political views and ideals are different and hence separate them. At the governor’s welcome parade, a tile from Ben-Hur’s house accidentally falls down and injures the governor. Messala knows the innocence of Ben-Hur to the awful accident but decides to punish him and his family. Messala throws Ben-Hur’s sister and mother to prison whilst he is sent to the galleys. Ben-Hur swears that he was going to revenge and claim freedom for the people from the Roman rule (Wyke 19). This paper will draw analysis of the film in the view of its genre, plot, themes and contexts from the movie itself and various scholarly articles. The film will be analysed drawing lessons and historical contexts of the Roman Empire and the 1st Century. Lastly, this paper will offer an

Marie De France Composed A Works Of The French Aquitanian...

From the works of the French Aquitanian and Champagnian troubadours, the framework/ideals of fin amour grew and spread throughout Europe, reaching the courts of Britain. As the conception of fin amour became increasingly popular amongst the literature of the aristocracy, writers such as, Andreas Capellanus wrote of the stages and rules of courtly love. Inspired by this movement in the culture and literature of court, the poet Marie de France composed a collection of romantic lays. In the â€Å"Breton Lays†, Marie presents her narratives as a guide for courtly lovers. For, each lay exhibits the problems, consequences, and rewards that can occur if a lady or knight does/or does not follow the three principles of fin amour which, as explained by the scholars Jeri S. Guthrie (1976) and F.R.P Akehurst (1995), include mezura (to have self-restraint and patience in love, to have discretion within an affair), joven (to be spontaneous in love, to woo with grand gestures and gifts), and cortezia (to follow the moral and societal rules of court). The first standard of courtly love Marie de France presents within â€Å"The Breton Lays† is mezura. Through the narratives of â€Å"Lanval† and â€Å"Yonec†, Marie reinforces the importance mezura plays in maintaining a courtly affair; she shows that being open about a relationship can lead to disaster. In the story of â€Å"Lanval†, Lanval breaks the principle of mezura by rashly exposing his affair with the amie to Queen Guinevere. When Guinevere propositions

The Agency Problem free essay sample

The preliminary and primary goal of a company is to maximize its firm value, in other words, to maximize the shareholders’ wealth. As a good instrument tool of measuring the firm value or the operation condition of a company, the share price indicates the stock market value of the company’s shares. Shareholders always expect to maximize the share price by corporate governance, however, managers in company always link their attitude to the their own interest, and they would not to try their best to achieve shareholder’s goal. Due to different interests in shareholders and managers, the conflicts always exist between them. An agency problem occurs when the interests of stockholders, the board of directors, and/or the management of the company are not perfectly aligned or when these entities conflict. EXPLAINATION Agency problem is typically caused by two reasons which are asymmetric information and hidden action. There is no legitimate theoretical or moral objection to those who assert that the goals of the modern corporation should be to serve the broad interests of all stakeholders rather than to serve the narrow interests of just the shareholders. In a large company, the principle refers to the shareholders of the company and the agent refers to the managers who is the subordinates in the company. Due to the separation of the ownership, managers are always responsible for the more detailed jobs (including job planning, supervising the sales ),the owner of the company do not have to supervise all the business in firm and managers sometimes would maximize their own profit. The behaviour mentioned before is hidden action. Moreover, managers have to run the company on a day-to-day basis, hence they hold more information related to the jobs or tasks. This will lead to different strategies and tactics made by managers, and managers could attach the documents such as financial reports and the accounting data but the shareholders only have the access to the annual reports. Hence there is a problem of hidden information which means managers may keep some information for their secrets instead of reporting to the shareholders. As a result, managers may pay attention to their own interest or profit primarily instead of the firm value then the company have to afford the agency cost. According to the agency problem, some obvious conflicts between owners and managers formed agency cost. For instance, some managers would over-consuming the perks in the company, they may use the company public resources as their own resources. It incurred in cars, office equipments and managers often use the company resource after work, for example, a manager drive the company car to pick up his friends for dinner and if he did this every single day, there will be a certain amount of cost to the company. Another example is that a manager may come up with sub-optimal decision for expansion or larger market volume. It supposed that Nokia is not well-performanced in market and the manager of the Apple company may consider to merge the Nokia company and buy the company in a cheaper price. Hence to do so, it seems that Apple has larger market volume but their performance may not still keep as well as before, in other words, empire building. The Adidas company bought the Reebok company several years ago, but larger market volume do not assist Adidas to compete against Nike, and this is still a kind of agency problem. Consequently, these conflicts and incorrect decision or expansion formed barrier of the profit-maximizing. In addition, managers have to focus on only one project and decide to accept or reject the project by its NPV value. It brings more risk to managers compared to shareholders because the owners or shareholders of the company could have number of choices of investment, in other way to say, shareholders put eggs in different baskets, and it always brings profits for shareholders, however, it’s difficult for managers to take long-term for-profit projects, what managers prefer is the short-run project with low cost. The return for managers is always related to their performance and once they choose the low cost projects, its easier to make a profit for themselves. Mentioned before is still a kind of agency problem. To choose the correct corporate management in a company is necessary to solve the agency problem. Corporate governance describes the various mechanisms and institutions, including law, contract, and norms, by which shareholders and other outside investors attempt to assure themselves that management will be faithful guardians of their investments. Some of the governance may lead to a cost to the company, for instance, the following three items belong to agency cost which are designing the contract, enforcing the contract and the residual loss respectively. According to Journal of Economic Literature (March 2010), one firm has more of the attribute but weaker performance, while the other firm has less of the attribute but better performance (which is indicated as in the diagram), and companies hence have to take correct steps of strategies instead of just putting more governance attribute. To avoid these cost, the company take the potential safeguards as steps. The main parts are organisational structure, external audit, remuneration packages. Organisational structure is to set more positions for managers instead of the owner of the company only. The advantages for this is that more managers in the company such as operating manager and financial manager, they could monitor each other and it saves time for the owner to supervise the two departments. Managers have their competition in company and once one of the managers put more effort on work, the others would put the same effort due to the competition pressure. As a positive circle, all the managers would do contributions to the company instead of considering their own profit before the firm value. Second one is the external audit. The external audit plays important role in checking whether the reports for investors are correct or not. Managers may hide some information about the financial data and the audit could find the incorrect item and the report the error to the shareholders on time so that make sure the reliability of the data and reports. The remuneration package is still an efficient approach to take the company into correct situation. In broad terms, compensation packages for managers and directors include cash, stocks and stock options. Agency theory tells us that the extent of ? nancial leverage in the corporate capital structure (i. e. , the debt-equity mix) has signi? cant managerial incentive effects. In some companies, shareholders show the reference on the stock option. Stock option is a kind of incentive option which allows the managers or directors buy the shares as much lower price as the market price. Managers are willing to do this but once they buy more shares of the company, they would become be part of owners, the potential risk is that if the share price of the company is going down, the managers share price would go down together. CONCLUSION Agency problem seems to form a barrier of the development of the company but shareholders could reduce the agency cost even remove the problem through correct management. If managers have a disutility of e? ort and are paid a wage then they will have an incentive to shirk rather than act in shareholders’ interests. It is therefore important that managers’ incentives are aligned with those of shareholders. Managers would finish their jobs efficiently once they are in profit-maximizing situation. Maybe the situation makes a cost to the company, hence shareholders have to find a balance of this as a result so that the firm value and the managers’ profit are maximising in synchrony.